Uprising against the Han dynasty Ma Chao

in 211, cao cao sent zhong yao , xiahou yuan lead army attack zhang lu in hanzhong commandery. due pass through guanzhong region along way. ma chao suspected cao cao planning attack him, contacted han sui form alliance. told han sui, previously, zhong yao ordered me harm you. now, know people guandong (east of tong pass) cannot trusted. now, abandon father, , m willing acknowledge father. should abandon son, , treat me son. han sui s subordinate, yan xing, urged superior not cooperate ma chao han still agreed alliance. ma chao contacted yang qiu, li kan (李堪), cheng yi (成宜), hou xuan (侯選), cheng yin (程銀), zhang heng (張橫), liang xing (梁興), ma wan (馬玩) , others, , formed 100,000 strong coalition army attack tong pass (present-day tongguan county, shaanxi). liu zhang, governor of yi province (covering present-day sichuan , chongqing), wanted marry daughter ma chao build ties ma, wang shang (王商), commandery administrator under liu zhang, opposed idea , said ma chao courageous inhumane , untrustworthy.

cao cao led army tong pass attack ma chao , coalition, resulting in battle of tong pass. after both sides clashed in few engagements, cao cao had talks ma chao , han sui. ma chao thought highly of himself , secretly harboured intention of dashing forth , capturing cao cao when met. however, did not dare make move when xu chu, 1 of cao cao s close aides, glared @ him. cao cao later followed jia xu s strategy sow discord between ma chao , han sui , make them become suspicious of each other. taking advantage of hostility between ma chao , han sui, cao cao launched attack on northwestern warlords , defeated them.

earlier on, when cao cao s forces @ puban (蒲阪; east of present-day dali county, shaanxi) , planning cross wei river , head west, ma chao told han sui, should resist them @ north of wei river. within 20 days, supply stores on east of river depleted, after retreat. however, han sui rejected idea , said, should send our forces engage enemy on river. isn t more direct? when cao cao heard of ma chao s plan, remarked, if young horse doesn t die, can t have proper burial place.

battles in guanzhong

ma chao retreated further west after defeat @ tong pass. cao cao pursued him anding (安定; around present-day pingliang, gansu) gave on pursuit , headed east after receiving news unrest in northern china. yang fu warned cao cao, ma chao has courage of han xin , ying bu, , has support of qiang , rong peoples. if retreat , don t station defences here, ll forfeit territories in area. after cao cao left, yang fu predicted, ma chao led various tribes in region attack commanderies , counties in guanzhong, while people responded call , joined him in revolt. ma chao killed wei kang, inspector (刺史) of liang province, , seized control of liang province s capital jicheng (兾城; in present-day gangu county, gansu) , forced wei kang s subordinates submit him. appointed himself general attacks west (征西將軍) , governor (牧) of bing province, , took charge of military affairs in liang province.

wei kang s former subordinates – yang fu, jiang xu, liang kuan (梁寬), zhao qu (趙衢) , others – unhappy ma chao plotted rid of him. yang fu , jiang xu rebelled against ma chao in lucheng (鹵城; in present-day southeastern gansu), while others in jicheng pretended urge ma suppress revolt. ma chao followed advice , led army attack lucheng not conquer city. when returned jicheng, saw liang kuan , zhao qu had closed city gates , barred him entering. zhao qu , others killed ma chao s wife , child(ren) in jicheng.

in summer of 212, year after ma chao rebelled against han imperial court, emperor xian issued decree ordering execution of ma chao s father ma teng , rest of family him @ time in ye (in present-day handan, hebei).

ma chao fled hanzhong, borrowed troops warlord zhang lu, , returned attack drove him out of guanzhong. besieged jiang xu, zhao ang , allies @ mount qi (祁山; mountainous regions around present-day li county, gansu) 30 days until reinforcements led cao cao s generals xiahou yuan , zhang showed , lifted siege.

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