Arrival of the Portuguese History of Kozhikode

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the zamorin of calicut portrayed dutch


this single event marked epoch in history of kerala , india, not because vasco da gama discovered sea route india in common parlance (since chinese, middle eastern , african kingdoms traded directly india) unlike others, portuguese yearned political power , imperial domination. vasco da gama s fame more argued due historical reasons hardly responsible in accompanied portuguese-speaking arab merchant provided sultan of melinda in east africa. vasco da gama sent king of portugal dom manuel , landed in calicut @ kappad in may 1498. navigator received traditional hospitality, interview zamorin failed produce concrete results. vasco da gama s request permission leave factor behind him in charge of merchandise not sell turned down king, insisted da gama pay customs duty other trader, straining relation between two. next expedition sent king of portugal under leadership of pedro Álvares cabral in 1500. agent secured settlement erect factory @ calicut. however, precipitated matters between arabs , portuguese. portuguese capture of arab vessels , ensuing massacre retaliated locals burned down factory , butchered half of portuguese on land. cabral sailed cochin, cordially received , allowed load ships. vasco da gama reached calicut second time 15 ships , 800 men in february 1502. when da gama s call expel muslims calicut vehemently turned down, bombarded city , captured several rice vessels, cutting off crew s hands, ears , noses.


with rising bonhomie between maharaja of cochin , portuguese, there followed several wars in portuguese propped cochin , cannanore against zamorin. scores of men perished in these wars on sides starting in 1503 , continuing till 1570s. in year 1509, afonso de albuquerque appointed second viceroy of portuguese possessions in east. new fleet under marshall coutinho arrived specific instructions destroy power of calicut. zamorin s palace captured , destroyed , city set on fire. king s forces rallied fast kill marshall coutinho , wounded albuquerque. albuquerque nevertheless clever enough patch quarrel , entered treaty zamorin in 1513 protect portuguese interests in kerala. hostilities renewed when portuguese attempted assassinate zamorin sometime between 1515 , 1518. 1520s zamorin s naval fleet administered kunjali marakkars inflicted heavy damages portuguese property till 1589. king zamorin assisted 4 ministers namely mangatachan chief minister, dharmoth panicker, army chief , teacher of martial arts, kuthiravatathu nair, finance minister , kunjali marakars, chief of naval force.


in 1503, portuguese had built fort in chaliyam consent of raja of kingdom of tanur (vettattnad) re-established supremacy on indian waters. provided portuguese ample opportunities harass zamorin , enter heart of kingdom in event of war. chaliyam fort pistol held @ zamorin s throat . zamorin attacked chaliyam , recaptured fort in 1571 coinciding defeat of ruler of vijayanagara, ally of portuguese. portuguese forced abandon fort, demolished. fall of chaliyam fort marked beginning of end portuguese in great game of east. portuguese approached zamorin again in 1578 reconciliation. 1588 settled in calicut , in 1591 built church on land donated zamorin (who laid foundation stone). zamorin s growing friendship nevertheless result of gradual estrangement kunjali marakkars.


by 1663, portuguese flag ceased fly in kerala dutch arrived @ scene , captured strongholds of quilon, cranganore, purakkadm, cochin , cannanore.








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