Luzon Douglas MacArthur

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off leyte, october 1944 left right: lieutenant general george kenney, lieutenant general richard k. sutherland, president sergio osmeña, general douglas macarthur


the way clear invasion of luzon. time, based on different interpretations of same intelligence data, willoughby estimated strength of general tomoyuki yamashita s forces on luzon @ 137,000, while sixth army estimated @ 234,000. macarthur s response bunk! . felt willoughby s estimate high. audacity, calculated risk, , clear strategic aim macarthur s attributes , , disregarded estimates. in fact, low; yamashita had more 287,000 troops on luzon. time, macarthur traveled aboard light cruiser uss boise, watching ship hit bomb , torpedoes fired midget submarines. communiqué read: decisive battle liberation of philippines , control of southwest pacific @ hand. general macarthur in personal command @ front , landed assault troops.


macarthur s primary concern capture of port of manila , airbase @ clark field, required support future operations. urged commanders on. on 25 january 1945, moved advanced headquarters forward hacienda luisita, closer front krueger s. ordered 1st cavalry division conduct rapid advance on manila. reached northern outskirts of manila on 3 february, but, unknown americans, rear admiral sanji iwabuchi had decided defend manila death. battle of manila raged next 3 weeks. spare civilian population, macarthur prohibited use of air strikes, thousands of civilians died in crossfire or japanese massacres. refused restrict traffic of civilians clogged roads in , out of manila, placing humanitarian concerns above military ones except in emergencies. part in capture of manila, macarthur awarded third distinguished service cross.


after taking manila, macarthur installed 1 of filipino friends, manuel roxas—who happened 1 of few people knew huge sum of money quezon had given macarthur in 1942—into position of power ensured roxas become next filipino president. roxas had been leading japanese collaborator serving in puppet government of jose laurel, macarthur claimed roxas had secretly been american agent long. macarthur s claim roxas part of resistance, american historian gerhard weinberg wrote ...evidence effect has yet surface , , favoring japanese collaborator roxas, macarthur ensured there no serious effort address issue of filipino collaboration japanese after war.


after battle of manila, macarthur turned attention yamashita, had retreated mountains of central , northern luzon. yamashita chose fight defensive campaign, being pushed krueger, , still holding out @ time war ended, macarthur s intense annoyance had wished liberate entire philippines before war ended. on 2 september 1945, yamashita (who had hard time believing emperor had ordered japan sign armistice) came down mountains surrender 100,000 of men.








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