Current research Perivascular space

1 current research

1.1 causes of dilated vrs
1.2 association of dilated vrs , other diseases

1.2.1 dementia
1.2.2 alzheimer s disease
1.2.3 stroke
1.2.4 multiple sclerosis
1.2.5 autism

current research
causes of dilated vrs

much of current research concerning virchow–robin spaces relates known tendency dilate. research presently being performed in order determine exact cause of dilation in these perivascular spaces. current theories include mechanical trauma resulting cerebrospinal fluid pulsation, elongation of ectactic penetrating blood vessels, , abnormal vascular permeability leading increased fluid exudation. further research has implicated shrinkage or atrophy of surrounding brain tissue, perivascular demyelination, coiling of arteries age, altered permeability of arterial wall , obstruction of lymphatic drainage pathways. in addition, insufficient fluid draining , injury ischemic perivascular tissue resulting in ex vacuo effect have been suggested possible causes dilated vrs.

association of dilated vrs , other diseases

recent , ongoing research has found associations between enlarged vrs , several disorders.

dementia

at 1 point in time, dilated virchow–robin spaces commonly noted in autopsies of persons dementia, believed cause disease. however, additional research being performed in order confirm or refute direct connection between dilation of vrs , dementia.

analysis of vrs may distinguish dementia caused arteriosclerotic microvascular disease dementia caused neurodegenerative disease. 2005 study has evidenced substantial amount of vrs in substantia innominata, lentiform nucleus, , caudate nucleus of basal ganglia may implicate dementia due arteriosclerotic microvascular disease, in particular ischemic vascular dementia, opposed dementia due neurodegenerative disease, alzheimer’s disease , frontotemporal dementia. thus, perhaps vrs dilation can used distinguish between diagnoses of vascular dementias , degenerative dementias.

alzheimer s disease

some studies have assessed spatial distribution , prevalence of vrs in people alzheimer s disease versus without disease. researchers have found while vrs appear correlated natural aging, mr imaging reveals greater prevalence of vrs in alzheimer s.

cerebral amyloid angiopathy (caa), blood vessel failure associated alheimer s disease, utilizes dilated vrs spread inflammation parenchyma. because vrs have membrane in gray matter, ischemic caa response observed in white matter.

it has been hypothesized structure of vrs in cerebral cortex may contribute development of alzheimer’s disease. in contrast vrs of basal ganglia, vrs in cerebral cortex surrounded 1 layer of leptomeninges. such, vrs in cerebral cortex may drain β-amyloid in interstitial fluid less vrs in basal ganglia. less-effective drainage may lead development of β-amyloid plaques characterize alzheimer’s disease. in support of hypothesis, studies have noted greater frequency of β-amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex in basal ganglia of alzheimer’s disease patients.

stroke

because dilated perivascular spaces closely correlated cerebrovascular disease, there current research on use diagnostic tool. in recent study of 31 subjects, abnormal dilation, along irregular csf pulsation, correlated subjects having 3 or more risk factors strokes. therefore, perivascular spaces possible novel biomarker hemorrhagic strokes.

cadasil syndrome (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy subcortical infarcts , leukoencephalopathy syndrome) hereditary stroke condition due notch 3 gene mutation on chromosome 19. studies have noted in comparison family members lacking affected haplotype leads condition, increased number of dilated spaces observed in individuals cadasil. these perivascular spaces localized in putamen , temporal subcortical white matter , appear correlate age of individual condition rather severity of disease itself.

there has been high risk of stroke associated dilated perivascular spaces in elderly according framingham stroke risk score. in contrast, other studies have concluded dilation of these spaces normal phenomenon in aging no association arterosclerosis. remains, therefore, important point of research in field.

multiple sclerosis

similar research concerning potential connection between perivascular spaces , alzheimer s, mri scans of people diagnosed multiple sclerosis (ms) have been studied. larger, more prevalent spaces have been observed in ms. additional studies similar findings have suggested inflammatory cells contribute demyelination characterizes ms attack perivascular spaces. studies using advanced mri techniques necessary determine if perivascular spaces can implicated potential marker of disease.

autism

dilated perivascular spaces common among elderly , uncommon in children. studies have noted association between both developmental delay , non-syndromic autism , enlarged or dilated perivascular spaces. non-syndromic autism categorizes autistic patients there no known cause.