Grammar Novial

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1 grammar

1.1 personal pronouns, subject , object
1.2 verbs
1.3 articles
1.4 nouns
1.5 adjectives
1.6 adverbs





grammar
personal pronouns, subject , object

in novial, nominative , oblique pronouns identical.


the standard word order subject-verb-object, in english. therefore, object need not marked distinguish subject: e.g.:



me observa vu – observe
vu observa me – observe me

the accusative (direct object) therefore identical nominative (subject). however, in case of ambiguity problem, optional accusative ending, -m (-em after consonant), available used. preposition em equivalent ending.


the personal possessive adjectives formed pronouns adding -n or after consonant -en. in fact genitive (possessive) of pronoun men means both , mine ( of me ): e.g.:



dog = men hunde
dog mine = li hunde es men

possession may expressed preposition de: de me, de vu, , on.



verbs

verb forms never change person or number. verb tenses, moods , voices expressed auxiliary verbs preceding root form of main verb. auxiliaries follow same word order english equivalent. pronouns indicated parentheses , given example purposes.




present active participle: protektent – protecting
past passive participle: protektet – protected

novial distinguishes passive of becoming , passive of being. in english forms same, using auxiliary verb followed past participle. however, passive of becoming expressed verb used in examples below.


the passive voice of becoming formed auxiliary bli followed root verb form.



the passive voice of being formed auxiliary es followed past passive participle (stem + -t).



articles

the definite article li invariant. used in english.


there no indefinite article, although un (one) can used.


nouns

the plural noun formed adding –s singular (-es after consonant).


the accusative case identical nominative can optionally marked ending -m (-em after consonant) plural being -sem (-esem after consonant) or preposition em.


the genitive formed ending -n (-en after consonant) plural being -sen (-esen after consonant) or preposition de.


other cases formed prepositions.


adjectives

all adjectives end in -i, may dropped if easy enough pronounce , no confusion caused. adjectives precede noun qualified. adjectives not agree noun may given noun endings if there no noun present receive them.


comparative adjectives formed placing various particles (plu, tam, , min) in front of adjective receiving comparison. likewise, superlative particles (maxim , minim) precede adjective. adjective not receive inflection ending.


adverbs

an adjective converted corresponding adverb adding -m after -i ending of adjective.


comparative , superlative adverbs formed in same manner comparative , superlative adjectives: placing specific particle before adverb receiving comparison.







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