History Captain general

1 history

1.1 republic of venice
1.2 great britain
1.3 new south wales
1.4 prussia
1.5 rhode island
1.6 connecticut
1.7 vermont
1.8 netherlands
1.9 spain

1.9.1 army
1.9.2 navy
1.9.3 air force


1.10 portugal

1.10.1 army
1.10.2 navy


1.11 france
1.12 kingdom of bavaria
1.13 papal states
1.14 czech, poland, lithuania , ukraine

history

the term captain general started appear in 14th century, meaning of commander in chief of army (or fleet) in field, first usage of term general in military settings. popular term in 16th , 17th centuries, various meanings depending on country, became less , less used in 18th century, substituted with, simply, general or field marshal; , after end of napoleonic wars had disappeared in european countries, except spain , former colonies. see feldhauptmann ( field captain ). other ranks of general officer, distinct field officer, had suffix general ; e.g. major general, lieutenant general, brigadier general, colonel general.

republic of venice

in republic of venice, meant commander in chief in war time. captain general of land forces foreign mercenary or condottiere, venetian navy entrusted member of city s patriciate, became captain general of sea. @ least documented since 1370 , used fall of republic of venice in 1797.

great britain

from 30 june 22 october 1513, catherine of aragon held titles governor of realm , captain general of king s forces queen regent of england. first attested in 1520s title permanent commander in chief of armies. title commonly used in 17th century. in 18th century, office held duke of marlborough (1702 1711, , again 1714 1717), , duke of ormonde, 1711 1714, , duke of cumberland 1745.

the rank remains in scottish use of royal company of archers.

the title appeared, in other countries, linked head of state in military capacity. majesty queen elizabeth ii captain general of honourable artillery company , of royal regiment of artillery, appointment similar colonel-in-chief in other regiments. husband prince philip, duke of edinburgh, has been captain general royal marines since 1953.

new south wales

from 1787 (the year before arrival in australia of first fleet) 1837, governor of new south wales referred captain-general.

prussia

in prussia generalkapitän commander of castle guard , life guards.

rhode island

in rhode island, governor holds 2 different military titles. according article ix, section 3 of rhode island constitution, governor holds titles of captain-general , commander-in-chief

connecticut

in connecticut, state constitution of 1965 states governor captain general of connecticut state militia.

vermont

the 1786 constitution of vermont, became effective when vermont independent country , continued in effect 2 years after vermont s admission union in 1791, says governor shall captain-general , commander-in-chief of forces of state, shall not command in person, except advised thereto council, , long shall approve thereof. language remained in 1793 constitution of vermont.

netherlands

maurice of nassau received title of captain general of union , admiral general in 1587, became hereditary – stadtholder title, orange-nassau family, until taken away states general in 1786.

spain
army

by late 15th century, rank, besides usual meaning of commander-in-chief in field, linked highest commander of specialized military branches (artillery, royal guards, etc.), signaling independence of particular corps.

no later fall of granada (1492) title conferred on officers full jurisdiction of every person subject fuero militar (military obligations) in region. officers acted commanders troops , military establishments in area and, time passed, duties (and title) united in highest civilian authority of area. during period of spanish rule in of latin america there several captaincies of spanish empire. military post of captain general highest territorial commander lasted in spain until 1980s.

in late 17th or 18th century, personal rank of captain general created in spanish army (and navy) highest rank in hierarchy, not unlike marechal de france. when wearing uniform, kings used captain general insignia. valeriano weyler, governor general of cuba in 1896–97 during period preceding spanish–american war, held rank. briefly abolished second spanish republic, restored during regime of francisco franco in 1938; franco himself officer of rank. later king juan carlos (1975), agustín muñoz grandes (1956) , camilo alonso vega (1972) promoted while on active duty; few posthumous promotions , promotions of retired officers rank made. in 1999, rank reserved reigning monarch.

navy

the evolution of title in spanish navy parallel of army.

during 16th , 17th century 2 main naval captain general posts capitán-general de la armada de la mar oceana , capitán-general de galeras, cic atlantic , mediterranean respectively.

a peculiar usage of term captain general arose in spanish navy of 16th century. capitán-general appointed king leader of fleet (although term squadron more appropriate, galleon fleets consisted of more dozen vessels, not counting escorted merchantmen), full jurisdictional powers. fleet second-in-command almirante (admiral), officer appointed capitan-general , responsible seaworthiness of squadron. 1 captain-general sailed under spanish flag known ferdinand magellan, leader of first fleet sail around world.

under nationalist regime of 1939–1975, holder of rank of capitán general de la armada caudillo, generalísimo francisco franco.

air force

the rank of captain general of air force held hm king felipe vi.

portugal
army

the title given, in 1508, commander-in-chief of ordenanças (the territorial army of crown).

during portuguese restoration war, after 1640, captain-general of arms of kingdom , became commander-in-chief of portuguese army, under direct authority of war council , king. in 1762 post of captain-general replaced title marechal-general – fieldmarshall-general.

navy

like in army, capitão-general da armada real (captain-general of royal navy) commander-in-chief of portuguese navy in 17th , 18th centuries.

france

the title has been sporadically used in france. during 17th century, , short while, rank between lieutenant general , marshal of france of denomination created. king of france captain general of army, represented in field lieutenant generals commanded in absence.

kingdom of bavaria

in former kingdom of bavaria, generalkapitän leader of royal hartschier guard. position associated highest class ranking in hofrangordnung (court order of precedence).

papal states

during time of papal states title of captain general of church given de facto commander-in-chief of papal army. existed parallel office of gonfalonier of church, more ceremonial position tactical military command position. both offices abolished pope innocent xii , replaced office of flag-bearer of holy roman church.

czech, poland, lithuania , ukraine

the term captain general hetman (the word german hauptmann capitan ) political title eastern europe, historically assigned military commanders. title of second-highest military commander (after monarch) in 15th- 18th , 20th-century.