Measurements and calculations Lattice gauge theory

this result of lattice qcd computation shows meson, composed out of quark , antiquark. (after m. cardoso et al.)

quantities such particle masses stochastically calculated using techniques such monte carlo method. gauge field configurations generated probabilities proportional




e

−
β
s




{\displaystyle e^{-\beta s}}

,



s


{\displaystyle s}

lattice action ,



β


{\displaystyle \beta }

related lattice spacing



a


{\displaystyle a}

. quantity of interest calculated each configuration, , averaged. calculations repeated @ different lattice spacings



a


{\displaystyle a}

result can extrapolated continuum,



a
→
0


{\displaystyle a\to 0}

.

such calculations extremely computationally intensive, , can require use of largest available supercomputers. reduce computational burden, so-called quenched approximation can used, in fermionic fields treated non-dynamic frozen variables. while common in lattice qcd calculations, dynamical fermions standard. these simulations typically utilize algorithms based upon molecular dynamics or microcanonical ensemble algorithms.

the results of lattice qcd computations show e.g. in meson not particles (quarks , antiquarks), fluxtubes of gluon fields important.