Palm cultivation and estate administration History of Bahrain (1783–1971)

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palm cultivation used 1 of 2 backbones of bahraini economy.


most cultivation in bahrain confined palm trees; vegetables , fodder grown in small amounts. palms located in northern shores compromised cultivable land in island. unlike pastoral nomads of central arabia lived off camel, bahrainis lived off palms; dates basic in diet, branches used construction of houses , fish traps, flowers , buds medicine , leaves making baskets. local culture affected palms; many stories, songs, myths , classification of persons revolved around them. cultivation of palms required full-day work during sessions of year. cultivators shia engaged members of families in job: children , adults, male , female. source of subsistence.


palm cultivation tightly controlled ruling family, served landlords; on 1 hand, lands directly administered farmed out fiefs , on other collected taxes on private lands, , confiscated property of failed pay. shia had pay taxes, not part of army, despite never being invited join it. land divided number of estates administered sheikhs, brothers , sons of ruler. size of each estate not fixed; increased or decreased based on power , influence of owner; closer relation ruler s line of descent, more power , larger estates. instance, when ruler died, management of estates shift brothers , sons brothers , sons of new ruler, , new ruler s cousins not inherit fathers (brothers of previous ruler). mothers played important factor, if belonged ruling family.


sheikhs controlled estate enjoyed high level of autonomy within it, high ruler himself; imposed taxes, resolved disputes , protected subjects against outsiders, including members of al khalifa family. did not interact farmers directly, rather had wazir rent palm gardens via middlemen, individual farmers. wazir, means minister in arabic, shia trusted sheikh. wazirs act special advisers of sheikh.


as wazirs, sheikhs administration included kikhda , fidawis. kikhda shia assigned collect taxes. due nature of job, wazirs , kikhda, lived in shia villages, had leading position in society, in villages heavily taxed such bani jamra , diraz, hated escaped manama following reforms of 1920s. in total, there 2 5 individuals between sheikh , farmer. contracts oral before reforms of 1920s, after written down. rents dependent on yield, increasing , decreasing it, meant farmers left no more essentials of survival.








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